ANTAKIA

antakia, the modern town, is still of considerable importance. pop. about 25,000, including ansarieh, jews, and a large body of christians of several denominations about 8000 strong. though superseded by aleppo (q.v.) as capital of n. syria, it is still the centre of a large district, growing in wealth and productiveness with the draining of its central lake, undertaken by a french company. the principal cultures are tobacco, maize and cotton, and the mulberry for silk production. liquorice also is collected and exported. in 1822 (as in 1872) antakia suffered by earthquake, and when ibrahim pasha made it his headquarters in 1835, it had only some 5000 inhabitants. its hopes, based on a euphrates valley railway, which was to have started from its port of suedia (seleucia), were doomed to disappointment, and it has suffered repeatedly from visitations of cholera; but it has nevertheless grown rapidly and will resume much of its old importance when a railway is made down the lower orontes valley. it is a centre of american mission enterprise, and has a british vice-consul. see c.o. miiller, _antiquitates antiochenae_ (1839); a. freund, _beitrage zur antiochenischen ... stadtchronik_ (1882); r. forster, in _jahrbuch_ of berlin arch. institute, xii. (1897). also authorities for syria. (d. g. h.) synods of antioch. beginning with three synods convened between 264 and 269 in the matter of paul of samosata, more than thirty councils were held in antioch in ancient times. most of these dealt with phases of the arian and of the christological controversies. the most celebrated took place in the summer of 341 at the dedication of the golden basilica, and is therefore called _in encaeniis_ ([greek: en egkainiois]), _in dedicatione_. nearly a hundred bishops were present, all from the orient, but the bishop of rome was not represented. the emperor constantius attended in person. the council approved three creeds (hahn, ss 153-155). whether or no the so-called "fourth formula" (hahn, s 156) is to be ascribed to a continuation of this synod or to a subsequent but distinct assembly of the same year, its aim is like that of the first three; while repudiating certain arian formulas it avoids the athanasian shibboleth "homoousios." the somewhat colourless compromise doubtless proceeded from the party of eusebius of nicomedia, and proved not inacceptable to the more nearly orthodox members of the synod. the twenty-five canons adopted regulate the so-called metropolitan constitution of the church. ecclesiastical power is vested chiefly in the metropolitan (later called archbishop), and the semi-annual provincial synod (cf. nicaea, canon 5), which he summons and over which he presides. consequently the powers of country bishops (_chorepiscopi_) are curtailed, and direct recourse to the emperor is forbidden. the sentence of one judicatory is to be respected by other judicatories of equal rank; re-trial may take place only before that authority to whom appeal regularly lies (see canons 3, 4, 6). without due invitation, a bishop may not ordain, or in any other way interfere with affairs lying outside his proper territory; nor may he appoint his own successor. penalties are set on the refusal to celebrate easter in accordance with the nicene decree, as well as on leaving a church before the service of the eucharist is completed. the numerous objections made by eminent scholars in past centuries to the ascription of these twenty-five canons to the synod _in encaeniis_ have been elaborately stated and probably refuted by hefele. the canons formed part of the _codex canonum_ used at chalcedon in 451 and passed over into the later collections of east and west. the canons are printed in greek by mansi ii. 1307 ff., bruns i. 80 ff., lauchert 43 ff., and translated by hefele, _councils_, ii. 67 ff. and by h.r. percival in the _nicene and post-nicene fathers_, 2nd series, xiv. 108 ff. the four dogmatic formulas are given by g. ludwig hahn, _bibliothek der symbole_, 3rd edition (breslau, 1897), 183 ff.; for translations compare the _nicene and post-nicene fathers_, 2nd series, iv. 461 ff., ii. 39 ff., ix. 12, ii. 44, and hefele, ii. 76 ff. for full titles see councils. (w. w. r.*)